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Wednesday, 20 February 2013

what are secular concept on ethics theory ?


Secular Ethics – Introduction to Moral Theory
Whether Secular Ethics or Theistic Ethics, Max Hocutt nails the issue: “The fundamental question of ethics is, who makes the rules? God or men? The theistic answer is that God makes them. The humanistic answer is that men make them. This distinction between theism and humanism is the fundamental division in moral theory.”



 A Science of Ethics :When it comes to Secular Ethics, Humanists are working toward a “science of ethics” specifically in keeping with their beliefs in atheism, naturalism, and evolution. Kurtz, in The Humanist Alternative, calls for Secular Humanism to be “interpreted as a moral point of view.” Indeed, in the preface to Humanist Manifestoes I & II, Kurtz defines Humanism “as a philosophical, religious, and moral point of view.” Later in Humanist Manifesto 2000 Kurtz redefines Humanism as “an ethical, scientific, and philosophical outlook that has changed the world.Ethical Egoism: essentially what is ethical is what brings about the most happiness to you. It is all relative to your own ego and perception.Utilitarianism: Depending on if you are act or rule, but I won't go into that concept. It is essentially what brings about the most happiness to the largest number of people, yourself counting the same as all others.Deonotology: Seeks the good separate from immediate happiness and desires, it is governed solely by reason. One should do a duty for the sake of it being a duty. (Kant was a huge proponent in this one).


Existentialism: Really too hard for me to even try and define in a way people will understand so instead I will quote google on this one.A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.Naturalism: the concept that human instinct is inherently good and ethical and what truly corrupts is the existence of civilization. Tradition: Really don't want to define this one but whatever. -.- essentially ideas and concepts handed down from generations are ethical, much deeper than that, but I doubt that anyone has this secular theory anyways. Humanism: touches largely on maslow's concept of self actualization and that the good is found in the actualization of one's true potential.Stoicism: dates back to the stoics in Greece, it seeks the good in the denial of desires and as individuality is also a desire, depending on how radical we get, denying the existence of one's self.

Relativism : that moral values are relative to a particular environment  It argues that moral values can deffer from one culture to another, from one society to another, from one time to another and even from one individual to another. Virtue ethics :personal quality providing the basis for an individual to lead a good and noble life. virtue ethics stresses the type of moral quality that put us in a position to act morally. respond to a moral problem as that of a moral person. Kohleberg's model of cognitive moral development : classifies people into categories based on their level of moral judgment. Preconventional stage people make decisions based on concrete rewards and punishment and immediate self-interest.




Wednesday, 6 February 2013

Why Business Ethics is Considered "Oxymoron"

Business ethics, it has been claimed, is an oxymoron (Collins 1994). By an oxymoron,we mean the bringing together of two apparently contradictory concepts, such as in ‘a cheerful pessimist’ or ‘a deafening silence’.

Tuesday, 5 February 2013

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each price for the scarf RM25

what is meant by corporate governance

The system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. Corporate governance essentially involves balancing the interests of the many stakeholders in a company - these include its shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community. Since corporate governance also provides the framework for attaining a company's objectives, it encompasses practically every sphere of management, from action plans and internal controls to performance measurement and corporate disclosure.

what is meant by business ethics

It is easy to come up with a definition for business ethics based on your company’s goals and priorities, and independent of how books and resources would define it. The most widely accepted definition for business ethics says that it is a set of corporate values and codes of principles, which may be written or unwritten, by which a company evaluates its actions and business-related decisions. As the definition goes, business ethics can be written or unwritten. This is because most of the time, ethics business and the criteria for what is good and what is bad is shaped by a company’s best practices and long-standing culture.
In simplest terms, ethics business refers to the propensity to differentiate right from wrong, and the resiliency to choose to do what’s right in terms of actions and decisions. It applies to the employees both rank-and-file and managers as well as the company as a whole.
There are two ways that companies can approach and implement the concept business ethics. These two approaches are based on two schools of thought, each providing a different definition for ethics business.
The first school of thought is shareholder-focused. It maintains that ethical business decisions can be made when individuals within the organization and the company as a whole always keep the best interest of the owners in mind. For those who see business ethics from the shareholders’ perspective, actions and decisions should be geared towards generating more profit.
On the other hand, the stakeholder-focused approach puts premium on corporate social responsibility. Under this concept, ethical companies are those that act and decide with the interest of all stakeholders not just the owners in mind. ethics business means striking a balance to service all groups that have an impact on, or are impacted by the company’s decisions and actions. These stakeholder groups can include the employees, the supply chain, the end consumers, relevant government and non-government organizations, and the community where the company operates, among others. Given this, the stakeholder perspective emphasizes the need to make business decisions that will work well for all the stakeholder groups.
The definition for business ethics varies in every company. The challenge in defining the term lies in the fact that there is no clear definition of right and wrong. It is true that we have laws to punish offenses that are necessarily wrong. Unfortunately, these laws do not define and punish what is morally right and what is morally wrong. As a result, it is left to individuals and corporate persons to make their own classifications, and act and decide by these classifications.
Companies arrive at these right-wrong classifications based on many different factors. These factors include: the culture within the company, the presence of a formal professional code of business ethics, the internal system of rewards and recognition, recruitment and human resources practices, the values system, the way management treats its employees, and the flow of the decision-making process.
In terms of business ethics, the trend now rapidly favors companies that operate from a stakeholder perspective. The theory is that communicating a socially responsible image compels end-consumers to support the company and its product because of the moral benefit that it gives them. To be sustainable, it is thus important for decision makers that set the standards for business ethics to expand their horizons beyond the quest for profit.
Companies and businesspeople who wish to thrive long-term must adopt sound ethical decision-making practices. Companies and people who behave in a socially responsible manner are much more likely to enjoy ultimate success than those whose actions are motivated solely by profits. Knowing the difference between right and wrong and choosing what is right is the foundation for ethical decision making. In many cases, doing the right thing often leads to the greatest financial, social, and personal rewards in the long run.

what is mean by oxymoron

 oxymoron is a conjoined pair of (seemingly) contradictory terms, e.g.
deafening silence, pretty ugly, same difference, silent scream, or jumbo shrimp. The pairing, while apparently paradoxical, will usually have a coherent meaning. 

Also, you can think of an oxymoron as a contradiction or paradoxical phrase used intentionally for rhetorical affect. It consists usually of two words normally considered impossible to connect. Examples might be "tough love", "sometimes you must be cruel to be kind", or this, from the link below: 

Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymorons:
"And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true" 

An oxymoron used as a figure of speech would be "lead balloon" (a misguided effort or creation). Although it is possible to make a lead balloon, it would almost certainly not function as a balloon.